Debate persists on when an independent undertaking is issued: upon leaving the issuer’s control or only when advised to the beneficiary. Various rules clarify issuance timing.
The evolution from traditional paper Bills of Lading to electronic formats, detailed in ICC Opinion TA.929, reflects a seismic shift; as eB/Ls gain traction through digital platforms like Bolero and pioneering blockchain technology, legal recognition and harmonization lag.
Potentially game-changing amendments have been proposed for the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) to govern commercial transactions, including Articles 2 (Sales), 3 (Commercial Paper), 5 (Letters of Credit), and more.
