Originality of Paper and Electronic Documents (Part 3)

In the first part of my article on this expansive topic (Feb 2022 DCW 24), I endeavored to analyze various aspects of presentations of paper documents, issues of originality of paper documents, and ways of signing paper documents.

In the second part (Jul/Aug 2022 DCW 40), I focused on electronic documents and above all how they are treated by international rules of practice such as UCP, ISP, and URDG with further elaboration given as relates to eUCP and ISDGP. This second article dealt mainly with issues regarding what the electronic document (record) means under the rules, what is an electronic signature, and matters of authentication. These two articles set the scene for further discussion of the topic. In this third part, I dive deeper into electronic guarantees, dealing with both electronic issuance and presentation.