Because standbys and demand guarantees often contain automatic extension clauses, ICC Opinion TA954 offers important lessons for practice and the need for sound drafting of such clauses.
France adopted law aligned with the UN Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records in 2024. As of August 2025, it now a degree which defines technical criteria for a reliable method to achieve the goals of the MLETR.
In many respects, the MLEC served as a starting point for treatment of electronic transport documents in the MLETR. This article explains the consistency of some provisions contained in the two Model Laws and areas where the MLETR differs and has advanced further.